Data and Information

Data is a collection of raw facts and figures , It comprises symbols , numbers , words or images. The data may be the result of any experiment or observations of a variable.

The processed data or manipulated data is called. information

The process on data means to add some knowledge or manners in the raw facts or in the content of computing to perform some arithmetic or logical operation on it .

Data compression

Data compression is a process of encoding applying some specific encoding scheme. Data compression is also used is data transmission.

Need of compression

compression is useful because it reduces the consumption of expensive resources like hard disk space or transmission band width.

• To reduce the storage space
• To increase the capacity of communication channel
• Information security

Large amount of data requires more memory for storage. Data compression is helpful if you want to store data and there is less space on hard-disk  

Operating System

Operating system :-An operating system is the software that uses the raw capabilities of hardware and build a platform for execution of program. the operating system manages hardware resources ,provides facilities for accessing those resources and creates higher level ab station like file directories and process.

Typical computer contains 5 major components:

1.  Hardware
2. Operating system
3. System programs
4. Application programs
5. User

Structure of operating system

Process Management:-A process is an existing program . Associated with process are its code , its data , a set of resources allocated to it and one or more “flows” of execution through its code.

Memory management:-At a minimum ,memory must be shared by an application program and operating system .

File system management:-Computer process information that must be transmitted , processed and stored at a proper location in programming drive .

Device management:- A computer communicates information with its input and output devices . Processes access those devices with the operating system supervisor .call provided for that purpose

Types Of Systems Software

Software are of two types. They are

• Application software
• System software

Application software consists of the programs that perform tasks particular to the machine,s utilization.

System software act as an interface between the hard ware of computer and the application software that users need to run on the computer.

Main functions of operating system are as follows:-

• It recognize input from the key board , send output to the screen ,and keeps the track of files and directories on the disk and also control printer , CD-ROM,etc.
• It checks whether different program and user running at same time do not interfere with each other
• It gives the software platform on which the other application software and program can run.

Compiler is the system software that accepts program written in higher languages and translate them into machine languages.

Preprocessor is a program that processes its input data to produce output that is used as input to other program such as compiler.

Function of CPU(central processing unite)

Open CPU

What is CPU?

CPU is basically known as brain of computer.It is a main part of computer system that contain electric circuit which usually process data.It control flow of through the system directing the data to enter the system planning data in memory and retriving them when needed and directing output.

ALU+Cu= CPU

ALU:- It performs all arithmatic ,equational and logical decision.It can count,campare and perform all logical activities.

CU:- It manages and coordinates all other components of computer.It makes data from memory and coordinates time square of instruction,s among various activities.

Function of CPU:- basic aim of computer system is to provide communication between user and computer.Input device transmit data as a series of electrical pulses into computer memory unit, where it will be capable of processing.

History of Information Technology(IT)

Information technology 

Information Technology Auditing (IT auditing) began as Electronic Data Process (EDP) Auditing and developed largely as a result of the rise in technology in accounting systems, the need for IT control, and the impact of computers on the ability to perform attestation services. The last few years have been an exciting time in the world of IT auditing as a result of the accounting scandals and increased regulation. IT auditing has had a relatively short yet rich history when compared to auditing as a whole and remains an ever changing field.
The introduction of computer technology into accounting systems changed the way data was stored, retrieved and controlled. It is believed that the first use of a computerized accounting system was at General Electric in 1954. During the time period of 1954 to the mid-1960s, the auditing profession was still auditing around the computer. At this time only mainframe computers were used and few people had the skills and abilities to program computers. This began to change in the mid-1960s with the introduction of new, smaller and less expensive machines. This increased the use of computers in businesses and with it came the need for auditors to become familiar with EDP concepts in business. Along with the increase in computer use, came the rise of different types of accounting systems. The industry soon realized that they needed to develop their own software and the first of the generalized audit software (GAS) was developed. In 1968, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) had the Big Eight (now the Big Four) accounting firms participate in the development of EDP auditing. The result of this was the release of Auditing & EDP. The book included how to document EDP audits and examples of how to process internal control reviews.
Around this time EDP auditors formed the Electronic Data Processing Auditors Association (EDPAA). The goal of the association was to produce guidelines, procedures and standards for EDP audits. In 1977, the first edition of Control Objectives was published. This publication is now known as Control Objectives for Information and related Technology (CobiT). CobiT is the set of generally accepted IT control objectives for IT auditors. In 1994, EDPAA changed its name to Information Systems Audit and Control Association (ISACA). The period from the late 1960s through today has seen rapid changes in technology from the microcomputer and networking to the internet and with these changes came some major events that change IT auditing forever.
The formation and rise in popularity of the Internet and E-commerce have had significant influences on the growth of IT audit. The Internet influences the lives of most of the world and is a place of increased business, entertainment and crime. IT auditing helps organizations and individuals on the Internet find security while helping commerce and communications to flourish.

Wide scope of Information Technology

Scope of Inforation Technology

• Data Warehousing
• Cloud Computing
• Networking
• Software programming
• Web designing
• Multi-media

What is Information Technology?

operating system

Define:-Information technology is a study, design ,development ,implementation,support or management of a computer based information system particularly for computer software
application and computer hard ware.

Information technology

1. Study
2. Design
3. Development
4. Implementation
5. Support

Components of Information Technology (branch based)

• Networking
• Security
• Programming
• Telecommunication
• Data administration

Componants of Information Technology(program based)

• Data
• Process
• Software
• Hardware
• User

What is Hardware?

Hard disk

Computer 

Computer hardware is a system where all the programs and all the application are run and stored in hard drive .

list of some popular hardware

hard disk

random access memory(RAM)

Cd-Drive

floppy drive

mouse

keyboard

What are input devices?

mouse

keyboard

scanner

joy stick

touch screen

what is computer ? what are main components of computer?

Computer 

define : computer is a device use to compute the information and instruction given by user and to give satisfactory result .

there are three main components of computer

Monitor

Keyboard

CPU

Father of Computer

CHARLES BABBAGE
Charles Babbage, FRS (26 December 1791 – 18 October 1871)^[2] was an Engish Mathematician,philosopher,inventor and mechanical engineer originated the concept of a programmable coputer. Parts of his uncompleted mechanisms are on display in the London Science Museum In 1991, a perfectly functioning difference engine was constructed from Babbage's original plans. Built to tolerances achievable in the 19th century, the success of the finished engine indicated that Babbage's machine would have worked. Nine years later, the Science Museum completed the printer had designed for the difference engine, an astonishingly complex device for the 19th century. Considered a "father of the computer", Babbage is credited with inventing the first mechanical computer that eventually led to more complex designs.